The flexural stiffness D of a sandwich panel = (E_f * t_f * d²)/2 + (E_c * t_c³)/12, where E_f is face modulus, t_f face thickness, d distance between face neutral axes, E_c core modulus, t_c core thickness. The core mainly influences overall deflection through its shear modulus G_c. For beams with a span-to-depth ratio >15, core shear deformation can account for 30–60% of total deflection. For example, PET foam G_c=25 MPa, PU foam G_c≈4 MPa, so PU core panels have significantly higher deflection under the same load. In engineering design requiring L/200 deflection control, critical shear buckling load must be checked to prevent core local wrinkling.

